When you think about protecting your health, you probably picture your heart, lungs, or even your skin. But what about your eyes, specifically, your retina ? The retina is the thin, light-sensitive tissue at the back of your eye that allows you to see clearly. Without it, reading, driving, recognizing loved ones, or even navigating your daily life would be impossible.
World Retina Day is a reminder that vision is precious, and retinal health deserves your attention. Across the United States, retinal diseases like diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and retinal detachment are leading causes of vision loss. The good news? With early detection, lifestyle changes, and regular eye exams, many of these conditions can be managed or even prevented.
We spoke to top eye specialists to understand the most common retinal diseases, how to spot early warning signs, and what Americans of all ages can do to protect their sight.
The most common retinal diseases and who they affect
According to Dr. Pawan Gupta, Senior Cataract and Retina Surgeon at Eye 7 Hospital and Vision Eye Clinic in New Delhi, the most frequently encountered retinal diseases include diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusion, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in infants.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): Primarily affects adults over age 50. This condition gradually damages the central part of the retina (the macula), making reading, driving, or recognizing faces difficult.
Diabetic retinopathy (DR): Once mainly seen in people over 50, it is now affecting younger populations due to rising rates of diabetes in people in their 30s and 40s across the US.
Retinal vein occlusion: More common in older adults, this occurs when retinal veins are blocked, leading to sudden vision changes.
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP): Found in premature infants, especially those with low birth weight.
Dr. Shibal Bhartiya, Clinical Director of Ophthalmology at Marengo Asia Hospitals, adds that retinal detachment, while less common, can happen in younger individuals with high myopia (severe nearsightedness). “The sudden onset of flashes, floaters, or a shadow creeping across your vision is a medical emergency,” she stresses.
In the US, these conditions disproportionately affect seniors, people living with diabetes, and children born prematurely. But with lifestyle changes and early screenings, risks can be managed.
How to recognize early signs of retinal problems
The scariest thing about retinal diseases is that many are silent in the early stages. You may not notice anything wrong until permanent damage has already occurred.
According to experts, here are some red flags Americans should look out for:

• Blurry or distorted vision
• Difficulty with contrast or night vision
• Straight lines appearing wavy or curved
• Sudden appearance of floaters (tiny dark spots)
• Flashes of light in your field of vision
• Dark spots or shadows creeping into your sight

“Most people believe that if their vision is still good, their retina must be healthy,” says Dr. Gupta. “But early retinal diseases are often symptomless. Only a dilated eye exam can reveal them.”
In the US, organizations like the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) recommend adults over 40 get baseline eye exams and more frequent screenings after age 50—or earlier if you have diabetes, hypertension, or a family history of eye disease.
Lifestyle habits that protect retinal health
Your daily choices have a major impact on your eyes. A nutritious diet, exercise, and avoiding harmful habits can dramatically reduce your risk of retinal disease.
Dietary tips for healthy eyes:

• Load up on leafy greens like spinach and kale (rich in lutein and zeaxanthin)
• Add colorful fruits and vegetables high in antioxidants
• Eat omega-3-rich fish like salmon and sardines
• Snack on nuts and seeds for vitamin E and healthy fats
• Opt for whole grains to help regulate blood sugar
• Lifestyle habits that protect your retina:
• Control diabetes, blood pressure, and cholesterol – key risk factors for retinal disease
• Quit smoking – a major risk factor for AMD
• Wear UV-protective sunglasses – to shield against harmful sunlight

• Exercise regularly – improves circulation and overall eye health
• Limit screen time – to reduce strain and protect against myopia progression

“Once vision is lost from advanced retinal disease, it cannot be restored,” warns Dr. Rinky Anand Gupta of Max Super Speciality Hospital.
The risks of delaying diagnosis or treatment
Delaying treatment for retinal diseases can have devastating consequences.
Diabetic retinopathy: By the time symptoms appear, vision loss is often permanent.
AMD: Dry AMD can turn into wet AMD without warning, leading to rapid central vision loss.
Retinal detachment: If untreated, can cause total blindness in the affected eye.
Dr. Bhartiya emphasizes: “Once you lose your vision, it is irretrievable. Early detection can mean the difference between a lifetime of sight or permanent blindness.”
In the US, many patients delay eye care because of cost, lack of awareness, or assuming they don’t need an eye exam unless vision worsens. But regular screenings are far cheaper—and far more effective—than late-stage treatment.
Are retinal issues common in children?
Most retinal diseases affect adults, but children are not immune.
According to Dr. Pawan Gupta, retinal issues in children include:

• Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP): More common as premature infants survive at higher rates.
• Myopia epidemic: Rising rates of nearsightedness in children increase the risk of retinal thinning and detachment.
• Eye trauma: Injuries from sports, accidents, or sharp objects can damage the retina.
• Congenital conditions: Disorders like Marfan syndrome may predispose children to retinal problems.

Parents in the US should ensure children have regular pediatric eye exams, especially if they were born premature or spend long hours on screens. Outdoors playtime, protective eyewear for sports, and balanced nutrition are also crucial.
Expert advice for maintaining retinal health
So, what’s the one piece of advice doctors wish more Americans would follow?
Dr. Gupta: “Get a dilated eye exam at least once a year. Only a retinal specialist can detect problems early enough to prevent vision loss.”
Dr. Bhartiya: “Don’t wait for symptoms. If you notice new floaters, flashes, or vision changes, seek urgent care.”
Dr. Rinky Anand Gupta: “Healthy lifestyle habits, diet, exercise, avoiding smoking, are just as important as medical care.”
In short: prevention, detection, and protection.
Key takeaways this World Retina Day
Know the risks: Diabetes, hypertension, smoking, obesity, and age are all linked to retinal disease.
Recognize the signs: Blurry vision, floaters, flashes, or distorted lines should never be ignored.
Get screened regularly: Adults over 50 and anyone with risk factors should get annual dilated eye exams.
Protect your kids: Encourage outdoor time, schedule routine eye checks, and protect against sports injuries.
Make healthy choices: A nutrient-rich diet, exercise, and quitting smoking are powerful protectors of retinal health.
On World Retina Day, let’s remember: our eyes deserve the same care we give to our heart or brain. Retinal diseases may be silent at first, but they are not unstoppable. By adopting healthy habits, getting regular eye exams, and seeking early treatment, Americans can preserve their sight for a lifetime.
As Dr. Bhartiya wisely says: “Routine retinal care and timely treatment can be the difference between a lifetime of sight—or permanent blindness.”